“Conceptual and Molecular Understanding of Palitya: A Literary Synthesis of Brihat Trayi and Oxidative Stress Theory”

Abstract

Background: Palitya (premature greying of hair) is described in Ayurveda as a Pitta-dominant Kshudraroga, attributed to Ushma-induced Paka (degeneration) of hair follicles. It represents a growing concern, with prevalence among young adults in the Indian subcontinent reported up to 41.4%. Modern research links this condition to oxidative stress, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation and reduced catalase activity. Objective: To synthesize the classical Ayurvedic Samprapti of Palitya from the Brihat Trayi with contemporary oxidative stress mechanisms, and to correlate Dosha-specific Lakshanas with current hair biology. Methods: A Tantrayukti-based qualitative literary review was conducted using primary Ayurvedic texts—Charaka Chikitsa Sthana 26, Sushruta Nidana Sthana 13, and Ashtanga Hridaya Uttara Sthana 20—along with their commentaries. These were integrated with modern literature (2009–2026) retrieved from scientific databases focusing on oxidative stress, melanocyte apoptosis, and catalase deficiency. Results: Pitta Vriddhi, triggered by factors such as Krodha and Atiushna Ahara, corresponds to elevated H₂O₂ levels in hair follicles, leading to tyrosinase inhibition and impaired melanogenesis. The Ayurvedic concept of Ushma parallels antioxidant enzyme dysfunction, including catalase and glutathione peroxidase depletion. The process of Paka aligns with oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation, and melanocyte apoptosis, along with premature transition to the catagen phase. Dosha-specific features, such as dryness (Vataja) and yellowish discoloration (Pittaja), correlate with keratin alterations and melanin shifts. Conclusion: The “Ushma–Paka Theory” provides a conceptual bridge between Ayurvedic and molecular perspectives. Classical therapies like Nasya and Shiro Taila, utilizing antioxidant-rich herbs, may act through free radical scavenging and melanogenesis support, highlighting the integrative relevance of Ayurveda in Palitya management.